Estate Planning for NRIs With Assets in the USA and India

You can do everything right in one country and still hand your family a mess in the other. A US will that never mentions the Bengaluru flat. A nominee on an Indian fixed deposit who was never meant to keep the money. A 401(k) still pointing at a parent who died a decade ago. These are not exotic mistakes — they are the ordinary result of planning one country at a time, and they surface at the one moment nobody has the patience for paperwork.

Cross-border estate planning is not a document. It is the work of making eight things agree with each other: ownership, beneficiary designations, nominations, wills, trusts, guardians, tax reporting, and access instructions — across two legal systems that were never designed to talk to one another.

At a glance: the same five questions, answered twice

Every asset you own raises the same five questions. The answers differ by country, and the gap between the two answers is where families actually get hurt.

Six words this guide refuses to blur

Most bad cross-border advice comes from treating these as synonyms. They are not, and the difference changes the answer.

Step 1: List every U.S. and Indian asset

Nothing in this guide works until this list exists. Most families discover during this exercise that they have two or three accounts nobody would have found, and at least one beneficiary designation that is badly out of date.

U.S. assets to capture

• Primary residence, rental property, land, and timeshares
• Checking, savings, CDs, and safe-deposit boxes
• Taxable brokerage accounts
• 401(k), 403(b), 457, Traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and pension benefits
• HSA and FSA balances — worth listing separately, because what happens to an HSA at death depends on who inherits it, and a non-spouse beneficiary is generally treated very differently from a spouse
• Life insurance and annuities
• RSUs, stock options, ESPP shares, and deferred compensation
• Business interests, LLCs, partnerships, and sole proprietorships
• 529 plans, custodial UTMA/UGMA accounts, and other education savings
• Digital assets, cryptocurrency, online businesses, domains, and monetized websites
• Vehicles, jewelry, collectibles, and other personal property
• Loans receivable and private investments
• Employer death benefits and unpaid compensation

India assets to capture

• Residential flats, houses, plots, and commercial property
• Agricultural land, plantation property, and farmhouses — flag these separately, they follow their own rules
• Self-acquired, jointly owned, and ancestral or coparcenary property — note which is which
• NRE, NRO, and FCNR accounts, plus any resident account that still needs redesignation
• Fixed and recurring deposits
• PPF, EPF, EPS, gratuity, superannuation, and NPS
• Mutual funds, shares, and Demat accounts
• PMS, AIF, bonds, debentures, and Sovereign Gold Bonds
• Insurance policies
• Private-company, partnership, LLP, and family-business interests
• HUF interests, where applicable
• Physical gold, jewelry, and bank lockers
• Loans to relatives or businesses
• Intellectual property, royalties, and digital assets
• Assets you expect to inherit but that have not yet been legally transferred to you

What to record for every single asset

Step 2: Learn how each asset actually passes

A will governs less than most people assume. In the US, several categories bypass it entirely.

Deed terminology and survivorship rights vary considerably by state, and so does what a deed can do at death. Some states offer transfer-on-death deeds for real property and some do not, and the rules for spouses differ sharply between community-property and common-law states. Do not assume the arrangement that worked for a friend in another state is available or advisable in yours.

On the Indian side, the question is less "which one rule applies" and more "what will this particular institution require."

Which of these an heir actually needs is not a single national rule. It depends on the asset, the institution's own transmission policy, the governing statute, the personal law that applies, the location of immovable property, whether the estate is disputed, and the facts of the particular family. A bank, a depository, a registrar, and a housing society can each ask for something different for the same estate.

How should assets be organized for a spouse and children?

There is no correct percentage. Anyone who gives you one without knowing your family is guessing.

What the answer actually turns on:

• The spouse's citizenship, immigration status, and financial independence
• The ages and needs of the children
• Whether children are minors, adults, or have special needs
• Separate versus marital or community property
• Liquidity — whether there is cash to pay bills without a forced sale
• Outstanding mortgages and debts
• Estate-tax exposure, including any noncitizen-spouse issue
• Where assets sit and how transferable they actually are
• Family-business considerations
• Previous marriages, or children from earlier relationships
• Whether a beneficiary is financially inexperienced or otherwise vulnerable

Three structures families commonly discuss with counsel. These are educational illustrations of shape, not recommendations, and deliberately carry no percentages.

Model A — Spouse-first

Income and accessible assets support the surviving spouse for life; what remains is preserved for the children.

• May suit: a long marriage, dependent spouse, children who are already provided for or still young.
• Advantages: simple, protects the surviving spouse's standard of living, defers hard decisions.
• Risks: the surviving spouse can later redirect assets, including away from children of an earlier marriage; concentrates everything in one person's hands.
• Must be coordinated: deed or title, retirement and insurance beneficiary designations, the will, and any trust.

Model B — Separate spouse and children's shares

A defined portion supports the spouse; the children's shares are held in trust until stated ages or milestones.

• May suit: blended families, adult children, or a wish to lock in what children eventually receive.
• Advantages: certainty for the children, protection from a beneficiary's inexperience, creditors, or divorce.
• Risks: can leave the surviving spouse short if liquidity was misjudged; trusts cost money and require an actual trustee to do real work.
• Must be coordinated: trust terms, beneficiary designations naming the trust where appropriate, the will, and trustee succession.

Model C — Asset-by-asset allocation

US retirement and insurance benefits support the spouse; selected Indian property or investments are directed to the children.

• May suit: families whose Indian assets are genuinely intended for particular children, or who want to avoid splitting an Indian property among many heirs.
• Advantages: matches assets to the people most able to hold and manage them; can reduce fragmented ownership of Indian property.
• Risks: the two sides drift in value; a child inherits an illiquid Indian asset they cannot manage from abroad; retirement-account rules may not permit the split you had in mind.
• Must be coordinated: the Indian will and title records, US beneficiary designations, and a realistic look at whether the child can actually administer an Indian asset.

A worked matrix of the kind an attorney will ask you to fill in — note that the last two columns, not the first, are where families discover their plan does not hold:

Do you need separate wills for the USA and India?

Sometimes. Not always. And the wrong version of "separate wills" is worse than one careful will.

A single worldwide will may be legally possible, but it can create real administration problems: one original document needed in two places at once, terminology that means different things in each system, and an executor in one country waiting on a process in the other. Many cross-border families therefore use one US-focused will and one India-focused will.

Conceptually, the coordination problem is that each document has to say two things at once: this will covers only my assets in this country, and nothing in it revokes my will covering the other country. That is the idea. It is not a clause you can copy from a web page. The exact wording depends on both jurisdictions, and a generic non-revocation sentence dropped into the wrong document is one of the ways families end up in litigation. Have lawyers in both countries approve the actual language.

While you are there, settle three things people routinely skip: simultaneous-death provisions (what happens if spouses die in the same event), backup executors for each will, and who physically holds each original and how the other side gets a copy.

One more structural point: a US revocable trust controls only what is actually in it. A trust document that was signed but never funded — assets never retitled, no beneficiary designation directing anything to it — governs nothing. "Funding the trust" is the step that gets forgotten, and it is the step that does the work.

The witness rule, stated correctly

Indian requirements for an ordinary ("unprivileged") will are set out in section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. The section requires attestation by 2 or more witnesses. Each witness must have seen the testator sign or affix a mark, or have received the testator's personal acknowledgement of the signature, and each must sign in the testator's presence.

What the section expressly does not require: that more than one witness be present at the same time. The statute says so directly, and no particular form of attestation is prescribed.

Registration and probate

Registration of a will in India is generally optional, not mandatory. Registering can help with evidence and safe custody. It does not make an otherwise invalid will valid, and it does not immunise a will against challenge.

Probate is where a lot of published NRI advice is now simply out of date. The older position was narrow to begin with: mandatory probate applied only where sections 57 and 213 of the Indian Succession Act combined to require it — broadly, certain wills connected to the former presidency towns of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, by the type of will and community concerned. It was never a blanket national rule.

What Indian succession law actually turns on

If there is no valid will, the outcome is determined by law rather than by intention — and "Indian succession law" is not one statute.

The result can depend on:

• Religion or the personal law that applies to you
• Whether property is self-acquired, jointly held, ancestral, or coparcenary
• Gender and the precise family relationship
• Whether a valid will exists and covers the asset
• The state, and the location of immovable property
• Marriage and divorce status
• HUF or business arrangements sitting over the top of the asset

The statutes most often in play are the Indian Succession Act, 1925, the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (which applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Jains), and, for Muslims, the applicable personal law — with other communities governed by their own regimes.

Nominee vs. legal heir: what a nomination really does

The popular version — "in India a nominee is only a trustee" — is a decent instinct and an unreliable rule. It is right for some assets and wrong for others, and the difference is statutory.

What is broadly true across asset classes: nomination is primarily a mechanism that lets an institution release or transmit an asset without first adjudicating every competing succession claim. It tells a bank or a depository whom to pay so the institution can close its file. Whether the person who receives it also gets to keep it, as against the legal heirs, is a separate question — and that answer depends on the asset, the governing statute, the account terms, and current case law.

Two consequences follow. First, a nomination should be coordinated with your will, not left to fight it — mismatches are how families end up litigating. Second, a nomination does not repair an inconsistent or defective estate plan; at best it speeds up a transfer to someone who may then have to account to others.

Run a nomination audit

Since 1 November 2025, Indian bank deposit accounts can carry up to 4 nominees — either simultaneously with defined shares, or successively in priority order — under the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025. Lockers and safe-custody articles allow successive nomination only. Existing nominations do not update themselves; if the extra flexibility is useful to you, you have to go and ask for it.

Minor children, guardians and trustees

These four roles are routinely conflated, and they are genuinely different jobs.

What to actually decide:

• Primary and backup guardians, nominated in the appropriate will
• Distribution ages, or staggered distributions across several ages rather than one cliff
• The standard the trustee applies — health, education, maintenance, and support is the common formulation
• Trustee succession: who takes over, and who can replace a trustee who is not performing
• Special-needs planning, where receiving assets outright could jeopardise benefits
• Whether the same person should be both guardian and trustee, or whether splitting the roles provides a useful check
• Cross-border practicalities if the proposed guardian lives in India: visas, relocation, schooling, and how funds would actually reach them
• Passport, citizenship, travel-consent, and school-records questions for US-citizen children with Indian family

Indian property, agricultural land, and US trusts

Two questions come up constantly, and both have a nuance that generic advice flattens.

Inheriting agricultural land is not the same as buying it

Under India's foreign-exchange framework, an NRI or OCI cardholder generally cannot purchase agricultural land, plantation property, or a farmhouse. That restriction is about acquisition by purchase. It is not a bar on inheritance: an eligible NRI or OCI can generally inherit Indian immovable property, and the inheritance route is not written with the same carve-out.

What is genuinely restricted is what happens next. A subsequent sale, gift, or transfer of agricultural land, plantation property, or a farmhouse by a person resident outside India is materially constrained — the general permission has historically extended only to transfers to a person resident in India who is an Indian citizen — and repatriating the proceeds is its own process. So the honest summary is: inheriting it is usually fine; selling it, gifting it, and getting the money out are the parts that need advice, and they need to be checked against the current rules for your specific facts.

Do not casually put Indian assets into a US trust

It sounds tidy and it frequently is not. Moving Indian property or Indian financial assets into a US trust can raise foreign-ownership questions under Indian law, trust-taxation questions on both sides, FEMA implications, additional US reporting for foreign trusts, and practical administration problems when an Indian institution is asked to deal with a US trustee. Sometimes there is a good structure. It is never a default, and it is not a decision to make from a blog post — including this one. Get coordinated US and Indian advice before retitling anything Indian into a trust.

Cross-border tax and reporting

This is the section most likely to change after publication. Every figure below is labelled by year and read from a dated source file; verify before relying on it.

A. U.S. estate-tax exposure

US citizens and individuals domiciled in the United States may be subject to federal estate tax on their worldwide assets — including Indian property, Indian accounts, and Indian investments. For decedents dying in 2026, the federal basic exclusion amount is $15,000,000 per person, up from $13,990,000 for deaths in 2025. That amount is inflation-indexed and set by legislation that has changed repeatedly; treat it as this year's number, not a permanent one.

A nonresident who is not a US citizen faces a very different regime: US estate tax applies only to US-situated assets, but the threshold before Form 706-NA is required is just $60,000 of US-situs assets, and that figure is not indexed for inflation. For an Indian family holding a US rental property or a US brokerage account, this is not a theoretical concern.

Some US states levy their own estate or inheritance tax, often with thresholds well below the federal one, and a few tax inheritances received rather than estates left. Most states do neither. Which category your state falls into is worth checking specifically, because it is one of the few estate-planning variables you can change by moving.

B. If your spouse is not a U.S. citizen

The unlimited estate-tax marital deduction — the rule that normally lets everything pass to a surviving spouse free of federal estate tax — is limited when the surviving spouse is not a US citizen. This catches a lot of mixed-status Indian families who assume spousal transfers are automatically safe.

The main structural answer is a Qualified Domestic Trust (QDOT), which allows a marital deduction where property passes to such a trust. A QDOT has real requirements: at least one trustee must be a US citizen or a domestic corporation, that trustee must be able to withhold the QDOT tax on distributions of principal, and the executor must make the election on the estate tax return. Distributions of income, and distributions on account of hardship, are treated differently from distributions of principal.

Not every mixed-status couple needs a QDOT. Whether it is relevant depends on the size of the estate, domicile, whether the surviving spouse may naturalise, and what else the plan does. It is a tool, not a diagnosis.

Keep two rules apart, because they are constantly confused:

C. Income tax and inherited basis

Whether an heir later owes US tax on a sale depends on basis, and basis is where cross-border records matter enormously.

US rules generally give property acquired from a decedent a basis tied to its value at the date of death, which can substantially reduce the taxable gain on a later sale. But do not assume a step-up applies to every asset or every cross-border structure. Assets treated as income in respect of a decedent — retirement accounts and annuities are the classic examples — do not get that treatment, and the position for foreign property held through certain structures, or received from a decedent who was never within the US estate tax net, is fact-specific enough that it needs professional analysis rather than an assumption.

What you can do now is make the analysis possible later. Retain:

• A date-of-death valuation for each significant asset — for Indian property, a contemporaneous registered valuer's report is far better than a reconstruction attempted five years later
• Original Indian purchase records, the sale or title deed, and mutation records
• Documented improvement costs
• Exchange-rate evidence for the relevant dates
• Indian tax-payment records, including TDS certificates

When inherited Indian property is eventually sold, expect Indian capital-gains tax and TDS on the Indian side as well, with the US return picking up the same gain and treaty relief claimed separately. The mechanics are covered in selling India property and repatriating the proceeds and the India property capital gains calculator.

D. FBAR, Form 8938 and the rest of the alphabet

Here is the correction that matters most, because the opposite is repeated everywhere: inheriting something does not automatically trigger an FBAR or a Form 8938. Both are threshold tests, and they test different things.

FBAR (FinCEN Form 114) turns on whether a US person has a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, foreign financial accounts, and whether the aggregate maximum value of all such accounts exceeded $10,000 at any point during the calendar year. It is an aggregate test across all accounts, not a per-account one, and signature authority alone can be enough. It is filed with FinCEN, not with your return.

Form 8938 is a separate regime with its own asset definitions and its own thresholds, which vary by filing status and by whether you live in the US or abroad:

Some specifics that resolve most NRI confusion:

• Indian real estate held directly is generally not itself an FBAR account, and is not a specified foreign financial asset for Form 8938. The IRS says so explicitly. But the NRO account that receives the rent or the sale proceeds is a foreign financial account, and property held through a foreign entity changes the analysis.
• Indian mutual funds may raise PFIC issues, with their own reporting and a punitive default tax regime — see the PFIC trap for Indian mutual funds.
• Foreign trusts, foreign estates, and large foreign gifts may trigger Form 3520 or Form 3520-A. Receiving more than $100,000 in a year in gifts or bequests from a nonresident alien individual or a foreign estate is a reporting event, even though the bequest itself is generally not US taxable income. The penalty for missing it can reach 5% of the value per month, capped at 25%, absent reasonable cause.
• Inherited interests and the income they produce can create reporting obligations even when no US inheritance tax is due at all. Reporting and taxation are different questions.

The receiving side of this — what to do the year an inheritance actually arrives — is covered in depth in inheriting Indian assets and US tax, and the account-level reporting in the FBAR and FATCA guide.

E. Getting money out of India: FEMA and the RBI route

Under the RBI's remittance-of-assets framework, an eligible NRI or PIO may generally remit up to USD 1 million per Indian financial year out of balances held in NRO accounts, or out of the sale proceeds of assets — including assets acquired by way of inheritance or legacy — for bona fide purposes.

That is a permission with conditions, not an entitlement. In practice it means:

• Documentary evidence of how the asset was acquired, and of the inheritance or legacy itself
• Applicable Indian taxes paid — the remittance route does not clear a tax liability
• Bank review: the authorised dealer has to be satisfied, and will apply its own documentation standards
• Amounts beyond the permitted route require RBI approval, which is a separate application, not a formality
• Rules that differ depending on how the property was acquired and how the original purchase was funded — inherited, gifted, purchased from NRE funds, or purchased while resident in India are not the same case

The practical walkthrough lives in repatriating India property sale proceeds, with a form-level checklist in the Form 15CA/15CB checklist.

Two families, two very different plans

Both are educational illustrations, not personalized recommendations. Names and facts are invented to show how the pieces interact.

Example 1 — Green-card couple, two young U.S.-citizen children

A married couple, both green-card holders, with a US home, two 401(k)s, term life insurance, NRE and NRO accounts, Indian mutual funds, a flat in Bengaluru, and two children aged 6 and 9.

The two things this family most often gets wrong: naming the children directly as contingent beneficiaries on the 401(k), and signing an Indian will containing a boilerplate revocation clause that quietly voids the US one.

Example 2 — U.S. citizen, noncitizen spouse, adult children, inherited agricultural land

A US citizen married to a spouse who is not a US citizen, with adult children and agricultural land in India inherited from a parent.

Your 30/60/90-day plan

Estate planning stalls because it is presented as one enormous task. It is not — it is three ordinary months.

Then revisit the plan whenever any of these happens — not on a calendar, but on a trigger:

• Marriage, divorce, birth, or death in the family
• A new property, a new business, or a significant new account
• A change in US citizenship or green-card status
• A move back to India, or a serious plan to make one
• A large change in the value of any major asset
• A change in tax law or FEMA rules affecting your assets
• A change of executor, trustee, or guardian, or any of them becoming unsuitable
• Any beneficiary or nominee that is now out of date

Frequently asked questions

Do NRIs need separate wills in India and the USA?

Not always, but many cross-border families do use one US-focused will and one India-focused will. A single worldwide will can be legally valid and still create practical problems: one original needed in two places, terminology that means different things in each system, and executors waiting on each other. The critical requirement with two wills is that each is expressly limited in scope and neither revokes the other — a standard revocation clause in the second will can silently void the first. Have lawyers in both countries approve both drafts before either is signed.

Can a U.S. will cover property in India?

A US will can refer to Indian assets, but referring to them and efficiently administering them are different things. Indian institutions, registrars, and housing societies apply their own transmission requirements and will ask for documents in a form they recognise. A foreign will can often be used, but doing so may add translation, authentication, and court steps that a locally drafted, scope-limited Indian will avoids. Which approach is better depends on the assets involved — take it to an Indian succession lawyer.

Does an Indian nominee become the legal owner?

It depends on the asset, and this is where most published advice oversimplifies. Nomination generally lets an institution release or transmit an asset without adjudicating every competing claim. For company shares and dematerialised securities, the Supreme Court held in 2023 that nomination does not override succession law. For life insurance, the position differs: since the 2015 amendment, a nominee who is a parent, spouse, or child can be a beneficial nominee entitled to the proceeds. Bank deposits, provident funds, and cooperative society shares each follow their own rules. Coordinate nominations with your will rather than relying on a single general rule.

Can U.S.-citizen children inherit property in India?

Generally yes. US citizenship does not by itself prevent inheriting Indian immovable property, and OCI cardholders are treated broadly on par with NRIs for most property purposes. The harder parts are practical rather than prohibitive: establishing title, satisfying each institution's documentation requirements from abroad, managing or selling the asset remotely, and complying with FEMA on any later transfer or repatriation. Clean title and organised records now make an enormous difference later — see why US-born kids struggle with India property.

Can an OCI cardholder inherit agricultural land in India?

Inheritance and purchase are governed differently. An NRI or OCI cardholder generally cannot purchase agricultural land, plantation property, or a farmhouse, but an eligible NRI or OCI can generally inherit Indian immovable property. What is meaningfully restricted is the later step: selling, gifting, or transferring such land as a person resident outside India is constrained, and repatriating proceeds is a separate process with its own conditions. Check the current rules for your specific facts before planning around either the restriction or the exception.

Does a living trust control Indian property?

Only if the property was validly transferred into it, and doing that with Indian assets is not straightforward. A US revocable trust controls what it actually holds. Moving Indian immovable property or Indian financial assets into a US trust raises foreign-ownership questions under Indian law, trust-taxation questions on both sides, FEMA implications, additional US foreign-trust reporting, and practical difficulties when an Indian institution has to deal with a US trustee. Do not do it as a default — get coordinated advice in both countries first.

Does inheritance trigger FBAR or Form 8938?

Not automatically. Both are threshold tests, and they measure different things. FBAR depends on whether you are a US person with a financial interest in or signature authority over foreign financial accounts whose aggregate maximum value exceeded $10,000 at any time in the calendar year. Form 8938 has separate asset definitions and thresholds that vary by filing status and by whether you live in the US or abroad. Indian real estate held directly is generally neither an FBAR account nor a Form 8938 specified asset — but the NRO account receiving rent or sale proceeds can be reportable. Separately, receiving more than $100,000 in gifts or bequests from a nonresident alien or foreign estate in a year is a Form 3520 reporting event even though the bequest is generally not taxable income.

What happens if minor children inherit assets directly?

Usually something nobody planned. A minor generally cannot take legal control of a substantial asset, so naming a minor directly on an account, a policy, or a nomination tends to force a court-supervised process or a default custodial arrangement — at the worst possible time and often with an outcome the parents would not have chosen. The fix is to name a trust or an appropriate custodial structure and to say explicitly who manages the assets, on what standard, and until what age. Note also that the person managing the money and the person raising the child are separate appointments.

Is registration of an Indian will mandatory?

Generally no. Registration of a will in India is optional. It can offer real evidentiary and safe-custody benefits, and some families choose it for that reason. But registering a will does not make an invalid will valid, does not guarantee it will not be challenged, and is not a substitute for correct execution and attestation under section 63 of the Indian Succession Act — which requires 2 or more attesting witnesses, each signing in the testator's presence, though they need not all be present at the same time.

How can inherited Indian money be remitted to the USA?

Usually through the RBI's remittance-of-assets route, under which an eligible NRI or PIO may generally remit up to USD 1 million per Indian financial year from NRO balances or the sale proceeds of assets, including inherited assets. It is conditional, not automatic: expect to provide documentary evidence of the inheritance and of how the asset was acquired, to have applicable Indian taxes paid, and to satisfy your bank's review. Amounts beyond the permitted route need RBI approval. Forms 15CA and 15CB are not universally required — applicability depends on the payment and the tax rules.

How we verified this, and what it cannot tell you

Every figure on this page is read from a dated source file rather than typed into the prose, so a number and its citation cannot drift apart. US amounts come from IRS pages and the 2026 inflation-adjustment release; foreign-asset reporting thresholds from IRS and FinCEN guidance; Indian statutory points from the India Code text of the relevant Acts, including the Gazette text of the Repealing and Amending Act, 2025; and FEMA and remittance points from RBI FAQs and Master Directions. Case law is cited to the judgment, not to a summary of it. The review date stamped under the title above is the date every one of those sources was last reopened.

Three honest limits. First, this page states general rules, and cross-border estate planning is unusually sensitive to facts it cannot see — your domicile, your title documents, who else has a claim. Second, the Indian probate change described above is recent enough that institutional practice is still catching up, so current practice may differ from the current statute. Third, tax figures are annual and legislative changes are frequent; if you are reading this well after the review date, verify before relying on any number.

This guide is reviewed by Deepak Middha, CA, Series 65. It has not been reviewed by an attorney in either country, and nothing here is legal advice. For your own plan you need a US estate-planning attorney licensed in your state, an Indian succession lawyer, and a cross-border tax professional — the three of them talking to each other is the entire point.

Official sources

• IRS — Estate tax (filing thresholds by year of death)
• IRS — Estate tax for nonresidents not citizens of the United States
• IRS — FAQ on estate taxes for nonresidents not citizens
• IRS — Tax inflation adjustments for tax year 2026
• IRS — Frequently asked questions on gift taxes
• IRS — Estate & gift tax treaties (international)
• IRS — Instructions for Form 706-QDT (qualified domestic trust)
• IRS — IRM 4.25.4, International Estate and Gift Tax Examinations
• IRS — Publication 551, Basis of Assets
• IRS — Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)
• FinCEN — BSA E-Filing, FinCEN Form 114
• IRS — Basic questions and answers on Form 8938
• IRS — Summary of FATCA reporting for US taxpayers (thresholds)
• IRS — Gifts from foreign person (Form 3520)
• IRS — Form 8621, passive foreign investment companies
• RBI — FAQ: Remittance of Assets
• RBI — Master Direction No. 13, Remittance of Assets
• RBI — Acquisition and Transfer of Immovable Property in India (FEMA)
• India Code — The Indian Succession Act, 1925
• India Code — The Repealing and Amending Act, 2025 (Act 37 of 2025)
• India Code — The Registration Act, 1908
• India Code — The Hindu Succession Act, 1956
• India Code — The Insurance Act, 1938 (nomination, section 39)
• PIB (Government of India) — Nomination provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025
• Supreme Court of India — Shakti Yezdani v. Jayanand Jayant Salgaonkar, judgment of 14 December 2023 (full text)
• Income Tax Department (India) — Form 15CA FAQ
• Income Tax Department (India) — Rule 37BB